Gay people in history

Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people have faced legal proscription for hundreds of years, initially under religious laws, in particular those imposed by the Abrahamic faiths, and later under secular legal codes, often drawing heavily on the theological traditions that preceded them. Legal codes first implemented in Europe proliferated during the colonial period.

As the European powers expanded their control and influence over much of the world, they took their legal systems and the laws criminalising LGBT people with them, imposing them over diverse indigenous traditions where same-sex activity and gender diversity did not always carry the same social or religious taboo.

This timeline gives an overview of this history of the criminalisation of LGBT people, tracing in particular the evolution of the specific forms of criminalisation that originated in Europe and which are the source of many of the laws that still blight the lives of LGBT people across the world today.

The legacy of British colonial-era penal codes looms large in this history, informing many of these criminalising provisions.

LGBTQ+ scientists in history

Other colonial legal traditions, such as the French Penal Code and later Napoleonic Codewhich decriminalised same-sex sexual history indid not have the same long-lasting effect on the lives gay LGBT people. Other traditions of criminalisation or censure, particularly those heavily influenced by Islam and other religions, are not interrogated in detail here.

The timeline also follows how this legacy of criminalisation has increasingly been undone, highlighting important milestones in the global, century-long struggle to achieve justice and equality before the law for LGBT people. While the fight for LGBT equality is far from complete, the distance travelled, even in the last 50 years, is reason to be hopeful.

Despite the long history of the criminalisation of LGBT people, the long arc of history bends inexorably toward justice. Aside from the references found in the texts of antiquity, such as the story of Sodom and Gomorrah found in Genesis in the Bible, the first recorded references of criminalisation in English law date back to two medieval treatises: Fletawritten in Latin and Britton circa the start of the 14 th century, written in Norman French.

The treatises show that the common law at the time, tried in ecclesiastical rather than secular courts, saw sodomy as an offence against God with the punishment of being buried alive in the ground or burnt to death. In England, when King Henry VIII made his break with the Catholic Church, much of the former ecclesiastic law tried in the ecclesiastical courts had to be revised and incorporated into secular law to be tried by the state.

While anyone could technically be convicted under the act, it was same-sex convictions that were the most common. Although briefly brought back to the ecclesiastical gay on the ascension to power of the Catholic Queen Mary inthe Act was reinstated by Queen Elizabeth in Only inwhen the Act was repealed and replaced by the Offences Against the Person Actdid the offence focus solely on male same-sex people.

Crucially, the Act provided the foundation for the sodomy laws that were eventually exported around the world under British colonial rule over years later. InFrance introduced a new penal code predicated on the belief that private acts by private individuals were not a matter for state intervention.

Blasphemy, witchcraft, heresy, sacrilege, and sodomy were all omitted. This made the penal code the first western law to decriminalise same-sex sexual activity since classical antiquity. It was closely followed by the Napoleonic Code founded on the same principles. Following in the footsteps of the French Penal Code, the Napoleonic Code, introduced in full inwas adopted by most of the countries occupied by the French under Napoleon.

It strongly influenced codes in other countries, helping to spread the model of a criminal code that did not criminalise same-sex activity. Spain and Portugal, for example, adopted similar laws inspired by the Napoleonic Code in and respectively, until Spain re-criminalised in the midth century and Portugal in However, during their period of decriminalisation, these codes were exported to many Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

Despite the absence of laws criminalising same-sex relations in the above countries, many nevertheless imposed restrictions on LGBT people in other ways. The new Act narrowed the offence to focus solely on male same-sex activity, still punishable by death. The last two men to be executed for same-sex acts in England, James Pratt and John Smith, history executed by hanging on 27 November It took until the landmark case, Navtej Singh Johar v.